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Using synthetic lethality strategy to target tumor cells with DNA damage repair defects
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Synthetic Lethality
Synthetic lethality is derived from a genetic concept. In 1922, Calvin Bridge, a geneticist at Columbia University, was studying Drosophila melanogaster. He discovered that combinations of several mutations induced lethality, while flies were viable with any single gene mutation. Twenty-four years later, Theodore Dobzhansky, also working at Columbia University, used the term "synthetic lethal" to describe these genetic interactions. Till now, the definition of synthetic lethality is well beyond the classical genetic interactions, as it refers to cell death caused by simultaneous inhibition of two non-lethal genes.
DNA Damage Repair
In response to DNA damage, DNA damage repair (DDR) machinery senses and repairs DNA lesions. Since the lack of DDR leads to the accumulation of DNA lesions, which eventually causes genomic instability and tumorigenesis, many DDR factors play an important role in tumor suppressors. Hence, elucidating the mechanisms of DDR facilitates the development of novel cancer therapies.
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Potential cancer therapeutic targets
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Oncogene
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, these genes are often mutated, or expressed at high levels.
Targeted Therapy
PARP inhibitors are the first examples of synthetic lethal targeting in a population of patients with mutations in the tumor suppressor gene BRCA.
Tumor Suppressor Gene
A tumor suppressor gene is a gene that regulates a cell during cell division and replication. When a tumor suppressor gene is mutated, it results in a loss or reduction in its function. In combination with other genetic mutations, this could allow the cell to grow abnormally.
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